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In Roman mythology, the god Janus had two faces so that he could see clearly into both the past and future.

Janus particles have a similar dual nature, because they are engineered to have two surfaces each with distinct physical properties. One combination for a Janus particle is to have one side hydrophilic (attracted to water) and the other hydrophobic (water repellant).

Until recently, Janus particles could not be produced in large quantities, and their commercial applications were unclear. A 91���� coauthored study, led by researchers at Iowa State University, shows that the nanoparticles could be the key to more environmentally friendly paints and coatings.

Xin Yong — an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at 91����’s Thomas J. Watson College of Engineering and Applied Science — teamed up with Iowa State’s Shan Jiang (an assistant professor in the university’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering) and Chunhui Xiang (an assistant professor in its Department of Apparel, Events and Hospitality Management) for .

“Previous studies are heavily focused on structures formed by these particles at a very small scale, because they have unique surface properties,” Yong said. “In this study, we are trying to use these particles to improve the performance of paints and coating, which no one has ever thought about.”

Think for a minute about painting a wall in your house or apartment. To do it properly, there are a few general methods. You can do a primer layer and then a paint layer, which can take twice the time. You can mix paints with solvents, but solvents are a health risk and fumes can be an issue in poorly ventilated spaces. Or you can use water-based paints such as latex or acrylic latex, but many of those still contain solvents and may not be as durable.

Manufacturers of electronics, furniture and numerous other products face the same options for the products they make, and they must choose what makes sense for each individual item being made.

For the paper the research team mixed hydrophilic/hydrophobic Janus particles with commercial paints, then painted surfaces to see how the particles would react.

The result: The hydrophilic side oriented to the surface and helped the coatings adhere better, while the hydrophobic side faced toward the surface and made it water-repellant. The researchers also found that the particles diffused and arranged themselves into self-stratifying layers more quickly and in ways that did not completely follow their hypotheses.

“Currently no theory can be used to explain the self-stratification behaviors of Janus particles,” Jiang said. “However, more studies are warranted to probe the detailed mechanism [of the particles]. I hope by fully understanding the principles in Janus particle self-stratification, we will be able to design next-generation ‘smart’ coating materials that are more environmentally friendly with better properties.”

The team believes that Janus particles can prove to be beneficial in many other applications, including cosmetics, 3D printing and drug formulations.

Other contributors to the research include 91���� graduate student Shensheng Chen; Iowa State postdoctoral researcher Fei Liu; Iowa State graduate students Yifan Li, Ayuna Tsyrenova, Kyle Miller, Emily Olson and Rebecca Mort; and Iowa State undergraduate student Devin Palm.